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Applied Colloid and Surface Chemistry
Richard M. Pashley and Marilyn E. Karaman. 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England.

Surface energy of a liquid actually gives rise to a ‘surface tension’ or force acting to oppose any increase in surface area.

Thus, we have to ‘blow’ to create a soap bubble by stretching a soap film. A spherical soap bubble is formed in response to the tension in the bubble surface.

A Home-made Simple Set-up for Measurement of Electrochemical Surface Tension Spectrum on a Mercury Drop Electrode
Xiang Qin LIN∗, Liang Dong FENG, Hao ZHANG. Chinese Chemical Letters Vol. 17, No. 4, pp 493-495, 2006.

Recording surface tension curves at a mercury drop during potential scanning based on photo-sensitive detection system.
Optical imaging methods can be used for accurate surface tension measurement, however, continuous tension curve is hardly obtained by this technique.
170419-493-b050453-p3.pdf

Surface tension is a property of the surface of a liquid. It is what causes the surface portion of liquid to be attracted to another surface, such as that of another portion of liquid (as in connecting bits of water or as in a drop of mercury that forms a cohesive ball).

Separation of oil and water is caused by a tension in the surface between dissimilar liquids. This type of surface tension is called “interface tension“, but its physics are the same.

Prediction of Surface Tension of Organic Liquids Using Artificial Neural Networks
D. Kumar, S. Gupta and S. Basu. Indian Chem Engr., Section A, Vol. 47, No. 4, October – December 2005.
A forward-feed back propagation neural network, based on the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization and gradient descent with momentum weight and bias method was used. The input parameters, e.g., density, refractive index and parachor, to the neural network were chosen from the previous studies on theoretical prediction of surface tension.
pstoluann.pdf

It is important to develop a high sensitive method of determination for surfactants to study the biodegradability and aquatic toxicity of the surfactants in environment as well as its influence on the physiological process. There are many methods for determining surfactants i.e. absorption spectrophotometry, IR, electricity tension, luminosity, analytical method and HPLC.

It successfully applied to determination of low concentration of cationic surfactants in the domestic sewage and Xian city moat.

Spectral measurements were made with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (Varian-Cary Win UV 100). For each concentration, buffer solution were added. The solution was then diluted to the mark. The absorbance spectra of the complex solution were recorded from 350 to 700 nm. A total of 24 spectra reading were obtained. 5 were used to test the network whilst the remaining 19 were used for the training.

Pb(II) and Hg(II) are metals that appear together in many real sample. Recently, spectrophotometric methods based on ANNs have found increasing applications for simultaneous determination.

Processes such as steam flooding involve injecting high-pressure steam at about 340° C into the oil bearing rock formations. The steam heats the crude oil, reducing its viscosity and applying pressure to force the material through the rock matrix toward recovery wells. Unfortunately, the same changes in the physical characteristics of the crude oil that make it more mobile in the formation also render it more susceptible to capillary phenomena that can cause the oil mass to break up within the pores of the rocks and leave inaccessible pockets of oil droplets. In such processes, surfactants are used to alter the wetting characteristics of the oil–rock–steam interfaces to improve the chances of successful recovery. Those surfactants must be stable under the conditions of use such as high temperatures and pressures and extremes of pH.

Myers D. 2006. Surfactant Science and Technology. Ed ke-3. New Jersey: J Wiley.